- Summary---------------------------------------------
Terra
Sigillata (English version)
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SUPER REFINED
TERRA SIGILLATA
by
Vince Pitelka
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- by
Vince Pitelka
- Associate
Professor of Clay, Head Clay
Area
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- e-mail perso:
vpitelka@dtccom.net
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- e-mail work :
wpitelka@tntech.edu
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- Appalachian
Center for Crafts, Tennessee Technological
University, 1560 Craft Center Drive,
Smithville, TN 37166 - USA
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- Original text by V.
Pitelka :
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INTRODUCTION
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- I expect that my approach is
very similar to that of others who go for a
highly-refined terra sig. Too many of the recipes out
there do not separate out the large particles
adequately, and the product is not a true terra sig. I
started researching this when I began doing my
"ancient clay" classes and workshops at U-Mass about
twelve years ago. First experiments were from the
standard recipes in books and CM, and the results were
unsatisfactory. I wanted what I had seen on ancient
Greek and Roman pots. Finally, via Parmalee, I
discovered the work of a German ceramic chemist named
Schumann, who researched terra sigs as a coating for
sanitary sewer pipe - not very romantic. Schumann
discovered the real secrets of terra sig, which had
been lost for about 1600 years. Schumann's info guided
me to the current system I use.
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- PREPARATION
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- A glaze hydrometer is
required below. A winemaker's hydrometer will not
work, because it measures fluids lighter than water. A
proper glaze hydrometer should have a scale reading
from 1.00 (the weight of water) to 2.00, in
100ths.
- I usually use redart, ball
clay, or goldart as a starting point. Start with a
small amount of hot water, and into it dissolve the
deflocculant - 0.25% (1/4 of 1%) soda ash AND .25%
sodium silicate (the two together seem to work better
than either by itself), based on the dry weight of the
clay to be made into terra sig. Once dissolved, add
this to some cold water, then add the clay, and add
more water, blending with a jiffy-mixer, until the
mixture is very thin, checking with the hydrometer
until the reading is 1.2 for the redart or goldart
slip or 1.15 for the ball clay slip. For a full
five-gallon bucket of initial mix, this will take
about 16 lbs of redart or goldart, and about 12 lbs of
ball clay.
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- SETTLING
:
Place the bucket with this
mixture up on a table and LEAVE IT UNDISTURBED FOR
EXACTLY 20 HOURS. After the 20 hours has passed,
siphon off the uppermost, thinnest liquid with a
winemakers siphon - this tool is ideal for the task,
because it has a length of flexible clear plastic hose
connected to a stiff clear plastic length about 20"
long, with a small "cap" on the end so that the tip of
the siphon sucks from above rather than below. This
makes it much easier to tell when you begin to get to
thicker material, which is absolutely
critical.
- The 20-hour settling time
may seem arbitrary, but it's not. There are several
forces at work in this deflocculated mix. The
deflocculant introduces same electrical charges to the
clay particles, causing them to repel one another and
stay in suspension longer. Also, there is the
ever-present atomic vibration which causes particles
in liquids to naturally disperse. Working against
these forces is gravity, causing particles to settle
out. At 20 hours, gravity has caused all the heavier
particles to settle out, while the finest particles,
generally those less than one micron (1/1000 of a mm.)
are still in suspension, due to atomic vibration and
deflocculation. The top layer IS THE TERRA SIG. Do not
discard ANY MATERIAL AT THE TOP, even if it seems
quite clear, because it will contain the very finest
particles.
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- SIPHONING
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- Start the siphon with the
tip just barely immersed in the settled mix. DO NOT
AGITATE THIS CONTAINER OR THE SETTLED MIX AT ALL. As
mentioned above, place it up on a table BEFORE the
20-hour settling period, and do not move it for any
reason. If you must move it, remix it and start the 20
hour settling period again. Once the siphoning is
started, slowly feed the tip of the siphon down into
the mix as the thin liquid is siphoned off. Keep the
tip close to the surface, so that it periodically
sucks a bit air. If it sucks too much the siphoning
action will stop, but having it suck a little bit of
air is critical, because it gives a good indication of
how thick the liquid is. As soon as you get to thicker
liquid the siphon will begin to suck much more air. As
soon as this happens, STOP SIPHONING. Resist the
temptation to keep siphoning, because the product will
be inferior. I have never tried to do anything with
what remains in the bucket, which is MOST of what you
started out with.
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- CONCENTRATION OF TERRA
SIG:
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- You can siphon into any
container, and the siphoned liquid will of course be
far thinner than the original specific gravity, and
will be unusable, so the question then is how to
concentrate it. I am the proud owner of a 36"-diameter
restaurant wok, which I bought at a flea market for
one buck. Using this as a slump-mold, I made several
24"-diameter terracotta evaporating dishes with a
raised 2" edge. Another excellent mold for such dishes
is one of those round dished plastic snow-sleds. I
usually just siphon into a five-gallon bucket, and
pour that into one of the evaporating dishes. The
water soaks into the terracotta (any bisque-fired
claybody would work) and evaporates from the back and
from the rim. It takes about a week for the terra sig
to get back to a useable specific gravity (dependent
on temperature, humidity, and air movement). Don't
cover the evaporating dish (unless you are welding or
grinding or woodworking in the vicinity). Anything
that settles into it out of the air won't do it any
harm. Don't worry if it seems to be solidifying around
the edges. When it has thickened considerably, scrape
the solidified stuff loose with a clean rubber
scraper, and agitate the mix with a whisk. If
necessary, work the lumps against the bottom of the
dish with a very clean sponge to bring all the terra
sig back into suspension. Decant some into a tall
container and check the specific gravity. If it is
still thin let it evaporate some more. If it is
thicker put it in an appropriate container and add
water. If you wish, you can let the sig dry
completely, and keep it around until you need it. When
you anticipate needing it, slake it in water for
several days, mix well with a jiffy mixer, and adjust
to the desired specific gravity.
- I originally used sig at a
specific gravity of 1.2 or even higher, but ran into
trouble with it peeling and chipping. Now I thin it to
1.13 to 1.17, depending on the clay used and the
desired results.
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- APPLICATION and
POLISHING :
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- I originally used sig at a
specific gravity of 1.2 or even higher, but ran into
trouble with it peeling and chipping. Now I thin it to
1.13 to 1.17, depending on the clay used and the
desired results. I apply the sig to bone dry clay, and
get the best results when the clay is sanded. I use a
wide soft brush, and I simply brush on repeated
flowing strokes until I get an opaque buildup which
begins to conceal the sanded texture (still very
thin). As soon as I get as much sig buildup as I want,
and the surface wetness has soaked in, I polish with a
soft piece of flannel or T-shirt material. Remove all
buttons and seams before using the cloth to polish. I
usually get a glassy shine in one polish. It's
magical. The amount of terra sig I brush on depends on
how opaque I want the coat to be, and how much I want
it to smooth out the texture of the clay. It is
possible to get a very high shine with an almost
transparent coat, because the shine results from the
clay platelets laying flat on the surface, and in this
refined terra sig the particles are so fine that a
distribution of them over the surface will give a good
shine and yet still allow the clay beneath to show
through. A good terra sig may be the world's most
perfect substance.
- Also, a properly prepared
terra sig makes the very best burnishing slip. For
burnishing larger forms, I apply a very thin smear
coat of lard, which retards the drying of the sig and
allows you to completely burnish the pot. But once you
start burnishing, you must finish it in one sitting.
If you leave it incomplete and allow it to dry, you
must sand the surface, re-coat it, and start
over.
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- FIRING
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- I have fired all my terra
sigs to a 1maximum of ^02. I have applied very thin
coats to bisqueware and fired them with adequate
results, but never as good a shine or as durable a
surface as when applied to bone dry. Terra sig applied
to leather hard tends to loose it's shine when it
dries. At ^04 the redart sig gives a bright
brick-red-orange color, the goldart gives an
off-white, and the ball clay gives a PURE white. The
redart sig, when properly made, is denser, and in a
blackware bonfire gives beautiful brown-to-black
colors. The ball clay sig in the blackware firing or
in raku post-firing smoking gives intense
jet-black.
- Recently, some of my
students who are using very gritty clays in high fire
have tried coating the feet of their wares, and
occasionally the contact surface between jar and lid
with terra sig, to give a smoother surface than the
base clay. Personally, I like the base clay showing in
these areas, but it is a matter of personal taste. As
Louis Katz indicated to me, goldart sigs do retain a
bit of shine in high-fire, but nothing like low-temp
polished terra sig. Ball clay sigs in high fire simply
give a white satin finish - not really a shine at all.
Of course, at high-fire temperatures a redart sig
would turn to a glaze, but more refractory clays might
give great results. Kaolins and fire clays give
extremely low yield in terra sig, because of the
coarseness of the particle size. Stoneware clays like
goldart give better results, depending on the fraction
of fine particles. Experiment away.
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- COLORING TERRA SIG
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- I always like to work with
pure clay terra sigs, because they give the best
shine. It is of course natural that others will want
more color, but unless you can ball-mill the mixture
the shine will be reduced. At U-Mass we experimented
with both oxides and mason stains and got good results
by ball-milling the thickened evaporated terra sig and
colorants for a day or so. I have used both oxides and
mason stains without ball-milling, and the shine is
reduced slightly, but the results are still
satisfactory.
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ADVICE
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- Expect to use a LOT OF CLAY
to get a good terra sig, but the results will be worth
it. To get a 1 gallon of redart terra sig takes about
50 pounds of redart clay. Goldart gives about the same
yield, while ball clay gives a higher yield, since it
is finer to begin with. As I mentioned above, I have
never tried to do anything with the deflocculated
residue left from the settling process. It would be
good for making thick slip. If you add it to a
claybody you would be deflocculating the clay, which
will reduce plasticity.
- Copyright 1997
- Author: Vince
Pitelka
- vpitelka@DeKalb.net
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- Smart2000.fr
©
Décembre
2001
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